Labyrinthian frost mages are genuinely brutal at that level, ngl. You're not missing a perk — you're just running into the hard ceiling of pure destruction without any defensive layers.
The core problem: Mage Armor only gives you like 50% damage reduction with perks, and frost mages hit hard. You need more than that. A few things that actually help:
One, grab the perk that lets you dual-cast spells for more effect — if you're going pure destruction, you want Augmented Frost (or whatever the frost damage boost line is called) maxed out so you're killing stuff faster. Speed matters more than you think. Two, seriously consider swapping to Atronach Stone for that dungeon run, or respec into it temporarily if you're willing to reload. The magic absorption is a game-changer against casters.
Three — and this is the real answer — you probably need some actual armor. I know pure robes sounds cool, but light armor is cheap to level and you can get decent enchanted pieces without breaking the build. Grab some Elven or Glass pieces, slap a couple Fortify Destruction enchants on them, and suddenly you're not getting one-shot. You're still a mage, you're just not made of paper.
If you really want to stay pure robes, honestly just come back at like level 40. Labyrinthian isn't going anywhere and the scaling gets way kinder.